Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Stems 4-angled. Leaves opposite or in 3s. Flower clusters terminal. Flowers flat and wheel-like, with a very short tube, inverted by bending of the flower stalk. Stamens 4.

Seed.

Flowers inverted by bending of the flower stalk; fertile stamens 4.

About 6 species from tropical America.

Source: Spencer, R. (2002). Scrophulariaceae. In: Spencer, R.. Horticultural Flora of South-eastern Australia. Volume 4. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Part 3. The identification of garden and cultivated plants. University of New South Wales Press.